Definition and Examples of Secondary Data Analysis

Secondary data analysis is the analysis of data that was collected by someone else. Below, we’ll review the definition of secondary data, how it can be used by researchers, and the pros and cons of this type of research. Key Takeaways: Secondary Data Analysis Primary data refers to data that researchers have collected themselves, while secondary data refers to data that was collected by someone else.Secondary data is available from a variety of sources, such as governments and research institutions.While using secondary data can be more economical, existing data sets may not answer all of a researcher’s questions. Comparison of Primary and Secondary Data In social science research, the terms primary data and secondary data are common parlance. Primary data is collected by a researcher or team of researchers for the specific purpose or analysis under consideration. Here, a research team conceives of and develops a research project, decides on a sampling technique, collects data designed to address specific questions, and performs their own analyses of the data they collected. In this case, the people involved in the data analysis are familiar with the research design and data collection process. Secondary data analysis, on the other hand, is the use of data that was collected by someone else for some other purpose. In this case, the researcher poses questions that are addressed through the analysis of a data set that they were not involved in collecting. The data was not collected to answer the researcher’s specific research questions and was instead collected for another purpose. This means that the same data set can actually be a primary data set to one researcher and a secondary data set to a different one. Using Secondary Data There are some important things that must be done before using secondary data in an analysis. Since the researcher did not collect the data, its important for them to become familiar with the data set: how the data was collected, what the response categories are for each question, whether or not weights need to be applied during the analysis, whether or not clusters or stratification need to be accounted for, who the population of study was, and more. A great deal of secondary data resources and data sets are available for sociological research, many of which are public and easily accessible. The United States Census, the General Social Survey, and the American Community Survey are some of the most commonly used secondary data sets available. Advantages of Secondary Data Analysis The biggest advantage of using secondary data is that it can be more economical. Someone else has already collected the data, so the researcher does not have to devote money, time, energy and resources to this phase of research. Sometimes the secondary data set must be purchased, but the cost is almost always lower than the expense of collecting a similar data set from scratch, which usually entails salaries, travel and transportation, office space, equipment, and other overhead costs. In addition, since the data is already collected and usually cleaned and stored in electronic format, the researcher can spend most of their  time analyzing the data instead of getting the data ready for analysis. A second major advantage of using secondary data is the breadth of data available. The federal government conducts numerous studies on a large, national scale that individual researchers would have a difficult time collecting. Many of these data sets are also longitudinal, meaning that the same data has been collected from the same population over several different time periods. This allows researchers to look at trends and changes of phenomena over time. A third important advantage of using secondary data is that the data collection process often maintains a level of expertise and professionalism that may not be present with individual researchers or small research projects. For example, data collection for many federal data sets is often performed by staff members who specialize in certain tasks and have many years of experience in that particular area and with that particular survey. Many smaller research projects do not have that level of expertise, as a lot of  data is collected by students working part-time. Disadvantages of Secondary Data Analysis A major disadvantage of using secondary data is that it may not answer the researcher’s specific research questions or contain specific information that the researcher would like to have. It also may not have been collected in the geographic region or during the years desired, or with the specific population that the researcher is interested in studying. For example, a researcher who is interested in studying adolescents may find that the secondary data set only includes young adults.   Additionally, since the researcher did not collect the data, they have no control over what is contained in the data set. Often times this can limit the analysis or alter the original questions the researcher sought to answer. For example, a researcher who is studying happiness and optimism might find that a secondary data set only includes one of these variables, but not both. A related problem is that the variables may have been defined or categorized differently than the researcher would have chosen. For example, age may have been collected in categories rather than as a continuous variable, or race may be defined as â€Å"white† and â€Å"other† instead of containing categories for every major race. Another significant disadvantage of using secondary data is that the researcher doesnt know exactly how the data collection process was done or how well it was carried out. The researcher is not usually privy to information about how seriously the data is affected by problems such as low response rate or respondent misunderstanding of specific survey questions. Sometimes this information is readily available, as is the case with many federal data sets. However, many other secondary data sets are not accompanied by this type of information and the analyst must learn to read between the lines in order to uncover any potential limitations of the data.

Evaluation Of A Performance Review - 1311 Words

No one ever wants to receive a below-average rating as my review has indicated. I have had a lengthy and well-documented career of consistently meeting and exceeding my goals across two prior companies and my 2015 Performance Review grading is absolutely beyond confounding. The grading of this review is inconsistently and inappropriately low with the performance I have demonstrated throughout 2015. It is vague and effusive in the majority of its key points, and in respects, inappropriately imprecise if not demeaning of my position and valuable contributions to the Procurement Organization. As background, in 2015 I continued to produce consistent work and a positive attitude and stakeholder engagement despite the very significant†¦show more content†¦Because I have a category where over 60% is non-sourceable spend (leases and utilities), I have only $38M in impactable spend where over 80% is spend-managed by detailed contract. I am third in savings only to my Senior Director himself, who oversees the entire group, and the Director of IT Procurement, who manages $77M in annual spend. On a percentage basis, I have out-performed the next two higher-compensated levels in my group, while managing half the sourceable spend. For example, it is pointed out that the Stericycle contract took 9 months to complete. What is ignored is that Stericycle has been under a class-action lawsuit in the state of Illinois for price-gouging, and this situation required the approval of our Assistant General Counsel, Hank Gerock to move forward as well as extensive collaboration with the Vendor Management Organization. This was not a simple approval, but required vetting with spend data, direct negotiation, and confrontation with Stericycle where PPD was at-risk in 14 individual binding contracts across its US sites. My direct negotiation greatly lowered the risk to PPD by directly engaging the Facility category’s highest non-construction, non-utility spend on three fronts: 1) eliminated the 5-year binding standard Stericycle term and reduced it to a 3-year term with â€Å"terminate for

A Yellow Raft in Blue Water Free Essays

Nicole Freche Mr. Ontiveros World Literature – 2nd period December 5, 2010 Friends Forever! â€Å"Trust is like a vase†¦ once it’s broken, though you can fix the vase, it’ll never be the same again† – Author unknown. Almost every person has had at least one person who he or she can confide their secrets. We will write a custom essay sample on A Yellow Raft in Blue Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now Over time one can learn whether or not he or she can trust or believe another will hold that confidence. If that certitude is shattered, it takes time again to reconcile and to earn it back. In Michael Dorris’s novel, A Yellow Raft in Blue Water, Ida is a girl who entrusts in her young Aunt Clara with secrets from school to boys. When Clara reveals Ida’s hope about Willard Pretty Dog, the trust is broken; despite this, Ida still helps Clara and also creates herself a new certitude through Clara’s daughter, Christine. Clara comes to live with Ida and her family to take care of Mama and instantly Ida becomes infatuated with her. Clara is the opposite of Ida: pretty, little, and neat. Ida acts very friendly and giving towards Clara. After a while she admits that she â€Å"confided my secrets and sought her advice† (Dorris, 303). Ida even felt â€Å"encouraged by her sureness† (304) with what she has told her; especially when Ida tells Clara about her crush and hope of Willard Pretty Dog. Clara makes Ida feel good about herself with the advice she gives her. Ida feels as if she has a friend that she can trust and a person who can be a role model. Ida has created her certitude through Clara. Clara has brought shame to the family and is pregnant with Ida’s father’s child. In order to hide this shame Clara came up with the idea of Ida pretending to be with child. Clara mentioning this hurts Ida but what hurts Ida even more is the reason behind the story that makes it more plausible to Mama and Papa. Clara tells them that â€Å"No one would be surprised. Everyone’s aware she’s after Willard Pretty Dog† (309). Ida is shocked at Clara’s betrayal of revealing her hopes. Clara’s remark does not only break Ida’s certitude in her, but also shows the low inclination Clara has on Ida. How to cite A Yellow Raft in Blue Water, Essay examples

Analysis of Devondale Murray Goulburn Dairy

Question: Discuss about the Analysis of Devondale Murray Goulburn Dairy. Answer: Company Background Information Devondale Murray Goulburn is a company and a co-operative of Australian dairy farmers that deals with manufacturing of dairy foods in Australia. The company was formed by a group of dairy farmers and started to operate in 1950, and up to now, it is dairy farmer controlled. The company supports over 2,200 farming businesses in southeastern Australia, making it the Australia's leading producer of the best dairy foods, coming from fresh Australian milk from dairy cows (Devondale Murray Goulburn, n.d.). The dairy products produced by the company include milk (daily pasteurized and long life milk), butter and spreads, cream and cheese which is of high quality. Apart from producing the dairy products, the company also ensures environmental sustainability as health is a major factor for every human being and animal. Every year the company prepares a report to know its achievements and financial status (Devondale Murray Goulburn, n.d.). Devondale Murray Goulburn should consider overseas expansions. This will help this company to widen its market and get its products to consumers in other countries and continents. Since it produces very fresh and nutritious milk of high quality, this will be accepted by people that do not use it. Overseas expansion will also help the company learn of new marketing skills and even acquire other ingredients in making the products (Hollensen, 2014). To achieve this, Devondale Murray Goulburn needs to establish the consumers' behaviors outside Australia and even learn more of their competitors especially in the oversee country of interest. Indonesia Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that is experiencing a remarkable economic growth putting it in the 18th position of the largest economy in the world. It is a state that has the largest island. Its capital city is Jakarta, and the primary language is Indonesian. The country underwent an economic crisis in late ninety's and came back on track in the mid-2000s. It was usually overlooked over China and India, but now its development has made it hard for anyone to overlook it anymore, the foreign direct investments that are being created are noteworthy (World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, 2012). Indonesia is the leading thermal coal, gold, silver, copper and tin exporter, these natural resources that the country has made it different from other nations. It has a population that is growing very fast giving it a significant number of consumers. The current population is mostly youthful showing that it is mainly increasing and the next few years it will be more than 240 people. It has undergone some political transformations making it strengthen its political structure for the good of the country and the citizens (Pramita, 2015). The country operates on many retail companies that sell various products for consumption. The retail sector has undergone lots of transformations since the state picked up on the financial status. The small sized family shops no longer rule as they did. It aims at achieving sustained higher population growth and increase job opportunities and minimizes inequality in the next few years. Economic Analysis Economic analysis refers how wealthy and resourceful a country is. It defines how well a country manages its available resources. The Indonesian economy has widely grown to attract foreign direct investment (FDI).After Asia faced a financial crisis in 1997-1998, the country has tried his best to come out of it, and it is growing on a daily basis. The country has one of the essential elements which is domestic growth that has led to borrowing less and encouraging more investments. There are favorable demographic variables that promote a good economic stability or performance. The country is aiming at being in the top six largest global industrial countries by the year 2030. Rapid urbanization and increased integration are associated with most people moving to cities and major towns. People of Indonesia move to urban areas because of the thought of higher income and productivity in those areas (Daniels et al., 2007). Urbanization leads to higher revenue and productivity if well dealt with and hence higher economic growth. The Indonesian economy has increased due to urbanization, and people can easily access markets, transaction costs are mostly lower making people spillover their knowledge and skills. As much as urbanization is a good thing, it needs a lot of attention and policies. Urbanization has lead to pollution, traffic congestion, unemployment and increased cost of living in Indonesia. Urbanization is an inevitable factor for the growth of any country (Daniels et al., 2014). The employment opportunities have reduced poverty and improved status of middle-class people. It has increased its share in the domestic market and expanded national scales. As an economic factor, competition also affects products sale in Indonesia. Most of the Indonesian's products have weak competition because of the low level of connectivity and high costs of transport. International trade has been reduced because of poor roads hence poor transport. It is, therefore, important for foreign countries to come in and improve on this (Gram, 2007). There exist many internal and external factors that influence the economic growth of Indonesia. These include financial and market fluctuations, foreign demand, prices of commodities and domestic conflicts. For this reason, the country should be able to maintain capital inflow so that investors are encouraged to stay and not move out (Mark, 2007). Devondale Murray Goulburn, therefore, needs to understand these factors that affect the economic state of Indonesia. The Devondale Murray Goulburn dairy farm should go ahead to expand to Indonesia because it is clear that the economic status of the country is rising very fast which will lead to more profit. In Indonesia, entrepreneurs are allowed make investments with ease and are not charged a lot. The marketing mix used in Indonesia may cost less than the ones in Australia, for example in the advertisement section hence saving more (Mcdaniel, 2011). Urbanization is very high because of the increasing population, and this will help them interact with people that have other skills that can assist in the manufacturing of the dairy products. As most of the products have weak competition, it may build a healthy business environment for its operation. Political and Legal Analysis Politics is the way a country or state is governed. It involves conflict or debate between or among the individuals or parties wishing to get power. Indonesia is a secular country as it does not have a single state religion and therefore its political policies are not derived from religious teachings. (Kingsolver, 2008) Religion as much as the systems are not derived from it, it play a significant role in the country. Citizens adhere to all faiths apart from atheism as it is not allowed. The people enjoy political freedom and equality (Berger et al., 2010). Indonesia as a country is not an Islamic state, but the Islamic principles play a bigger role in the decision-making of political issues. Decision making is highly affected by the religious context like for example; pork businesses are burnt in some areas mostly occupied by Muslims while in Christian regions the rule seems to be impossible. The Islam people are not dominant therefore they can be considered as moderate. Islamic law (Sharia) cannot be allowed in the country (Burhanudin et al., 2013). This is one of the few countries that have had a woman president without much opposition. This, therefore, shows that the country encourages gender equality. The executive branch of Indonesia is made up by the president, the vice president and the cabinet. The vice president and the president are elected and run as an inseparable pair. They run the country for five years and can be re-elected for another term. A political leader enjoys support from the people according to the position he/she has been in the society before joining politics (Svante Goran, 2009). Indonesian people from the army are given an upper hand as they are more trusted and considered credible. The legislation is the Indonesians Consultative Assembly as it contains citizens' representatives. It has the power to impeach the president and can amend or set a new constitution. It is the one that oversees political affairs and comes up with the countries budget. The legislation has a regional representative that deals with laws and region matters. These are also elected for a five-year term. The judiciary has the highest court which is the independent Supreme Court.This court also tackles disputes among lower courts. The country also has Constitutional Court that monitors decisions made by the parliament. Most cases are handled by public courts, religious courts, the military courts, and administrative courts. The judiciary, therefore, tries to ensure honor, dignity and good behavior is maintained among the judges (Puglisi Snyder, 2011). The disadvantage of this political system is that corruption which is a virus that affects most influential people is not fully out of the system. This is mostly experienced in the legislation sector. Another thing is that the president appoints their cabinet which mostly consists of their allies. A particular group of people gets more privileges when the president running the country is from the group whether majority or minority ( Henisz Zelner, 2010). Corruption is, therefore, a factor that the investor needs to put in mind in their endeavor since it has effects on business operation and therefore the business needs to take an appropriate strategy to succeed in the environment. The Devondale Murray Goulburn dairy farm should, therefore, consider expansion to Indonesia as the country protects the business as it is a way of earning income for the country. The citizens themselves are guaranteed in the country's law, therefore, making the ordinary person enjoy the more (Joshi, 2009). Indonesia has a lot of opportunities that are open to anyone, and this will be good for the business. Culture and Ethics Both religion and ethics are key components when carrying out a business. These two elements will help a person in knowing how to relate with people from different cultural backgrounds. Culture entails the values and norms perceived by a particular group, and they are not embarrassed about practicing them (Mindeli et al., 2007). In this, one knows their behavior, how they do their things, how they even talk and why they do what they do without looking down on them. Ethics is having good morals and is closely associated with culture. Tabalujan (2008) came up with a concept of culture and said that culture involves one's language, art, and sciences, thoughts, one's spiritual beliefs, the way they act socially and their interactions with other people. This two concepts the political, economic development and how people relate to business. For a business to succeed in today's world, how it treats employees and the kind of attitude given to customers, competitors and the general environment matters. Life can only be sustained by a healthy attitude and behavior and learning to accommodate other people in life; this can only be achieved by individuals understood the importance of ethics in businesses. According to Schermenhorn (2008) ethics is a set of moral principles that differentiates between good or bad, right or wrong in someone's behavior. The world has different people from different ethnic backgrounds and therefore different opinions on what is ethical. Indonesia has people from different ethical groups, people with different religions and cultural influences. The national motto of Indonesia says there is unity in diversity. According to people of Indonesia, money is brought by peace and harmony and not time. Good relationships are created by communication and in this country information is not spilled in black and white, but one has to read in between the lines. They do not like rushing into conclusion but rather involve family members especially if it is a business issue. Patience and flexibility can earn trust and leads to the successful business (Witiger, 2012). In this environment, people who consider time as a factor may be highly disadvantaged as they are slow in decision making. A person has to understand the expressions and gestures to interpret the message well as they do not communicate directly. For one to establish rapport a lot of time is required to learn the people and understand their norms and cultural values (Anand et al., 2008). Carrying out a business in Indonesia will be a lovely experience for a dairy products company. The business people will understand why the Indonesians do the things the way they do. Many companies in the country do not produce lots of milk products, and therefore it will be an excellent opportunity for Devondale Murray Goulburn. As people are careful on how they interact and speak, getting along will be easy (Luthans Doh, 2015). Conclusion Therefore these five sections which are economic, political, legal, cultural and ethical are very important when considering expansion of a business or organization to other countries. They act as an eye opener for businesses considering expansion so that they know what they are getting into. The environment where an organization is established matters a lot and can tell one if customers are available for the product or not. The Indonesian's economic status brings out information to how the economy of this country will be of benefit to the Devondale Murray Goulburn's business operation. The analysis can help to establish on how to manage available resources carefully. The company understands the resources and the wealth a country owns that are of contributing to the business operation. The political and legal status of Indonesia will help Devondale Murray Goulburn understood how the state operates so that one does not collide with other people or businesses over legal issues. They get to understand the procedures followed to establish a business venture and how it can affect business. The culture and ethics will help Devondale Murray Goulburn know how they should relate to other people or businesses while carrying out their businesses. It gets to understand that how Indonesians behave differently because of different cultures in the world. This is important because when the business gives the right attitude a customer and the society as a whole on will attract more consumers and therefore acquire more. Treating people the right way can even make one have an upper hand on his/her competitors. Even the little things people over look should be considered when dealing with a customer or consumer to get bigger market share. References Anand, V., Rosen, C. C. (2008). "The Ethics of Organizational Secrets." Journal of Management Inquiry Berger D., Easterly W, et al. (2010) Commercial Imperialism? Political Influence and Trade During the Cold War. Burhanuddin, Jajat, Dijk, Kees van (2013). "Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting Images and Interpretations." Amsterdam University Press via Google Books. Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Sullivan, D. (2007). International Business: Environment and Operations, 11th edition. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-186942-6 Daniels, J., Radebaugh, L., Sullivan, D. (2014). International Business: Environment and Operations, 15th edition. Devondale Murray Goulburn. (n.d). Home - Devondale Murray Goulburn. Retrieved from https://www.mgc.com.au Gram, M (2007) "Whiteness and western values in global advertisements: An exploratory study." Journal of Marketing Communications. Henisz, W. and A. Zelner, B. (2010). Hidden Risks in Emerging Markets. Harvard Business Review. Hollensen, Svend (2014) Global Marketing, 6th edition, Pearson, ISBN 978-0-273-77316-0 Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, (2009) International Business, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-568909-7 Kingsolver, A. (2008). Capitalism. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. J. H. Moore. Detroit. Luthans, F., Doh, J. P. (2015). International Management: Culture, Strategy and Behavior, 9th edition. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07786244-9 Mark Aarons (2007). "Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds). The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Mcdaniel, Charles (2011). "Theology of the "Real Economy." Journal of religion and business ethics. Mindeli, L. E., Pipiya, L. K. (2007). "Conceptual aspects of the formation of a knowledge-based economy." Studies on Russian Economic Development. Pramita, Dini (2015). "Pengguna KRL Commuter Line Tembus 200 Juta". Tempo (in Indonesian) Puglisi, R., Snyder, J. M. Jr. (2011). "Newspaper Coverage of Political Scandals," Journal of Politics 73(3). Schermerhorn (2008), Management, John Wiley Sons, Inc, Asia. Svante Andersson Goran Svensson (2009) Global Marketing: think globally and act locally, Lund: Studentlitteratur Tabalujan, B (2008) Culture and Ethics in Asian Business, The Melbourne Review, Vol4, Number I Witiger, (2012). The Physical/Geographic Environment. World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision (2012). Indonesia. Population (thousands). Median variant. 19502100. United Nations

Lincoln Electric

Lincoln Electric is one of world leading companies providing welding equipment. The company was established at the end of the nineteenth century and now it is operating in five continents. In 2005, the net income of Lincoln Electric was $122 million (Siegel 3). The company’s success can be explained by effective strategies employed.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Lincoln Electric specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the company managed to develop efficient functional strategies. These strategies include the â€Å"use of employee stock ownership†, bonuses â€Å"determined by merit ratings†, piecework pay and so on (Siegel 3). These incentives increased employees’ motivation and the quality of products provided also improved. It is also noteworthy that the company manufactured arc welding equipment as well as consumable products. This diversification has enabled the compa ny to meet consumer’s needs and the company’s revenues increased. As for increasing efficiency, the strategy mentioned above was crucial. Apart from diversification and proper human resources management, Lincoln Electric marketed its products in 19 countries. At that, when the company was facing certain problems, the CEO managed to increase efficiency of facilities through closing unprofitable plants and eliminating duplication in other plants. When it comes to increasing quality, the company implemented a number of successful strategies aimed at development of new products. The RD department of the company patented various products that were hits in the field of welding industry. As has been mentioned above, employees were motivated to produce high-quality products and this also contributed greatly to the overall quality of products manufactured. Increasing innovation is closely connected with increasing quality. However, it is important to add that the company used i nnovative strategies in production (patented new efficient products) as well as other spheres (introduced effective HR strategies, diversified production). The company’s success is also rooted in increasing customer responsiveness. This was achieved through development of user-friendly equipment that was able to solve numerous issues consumers may have faced during their work with the company’s products. Diversification was a key element of this process.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lincoln Electric launched a very effective Guaranteed Cost Reduction Program through which it guaranteed that users of the company’s products would save money (Siegel 5). Through this program, Lincoln Electric developed quite close relationships with its consumers. Sponsoring such sporting events as NASCAR and NHRA also contributed to increasing customer responsivenes s. It is necessary to highlight the most effective business level strategies. These include optimization. As has been mentioned above, the company’s CEO managed to close unprofitable facilities in a number of countries and optimize functioning of others. Elimination of duplicating certain process had a positive impact on the company’s development. The focus on quality of products as well as diversity was also beneficial for the company. Finally, company’s’ HR policies led to development of trustful relationship between management and employees (Siegel 4). Corporate level strategies have also been effective. Thus, the company’s readiness to expand was central to its success in the world. The company managed to identify major markets where their products would be in demand. At the same time, the company’s CEOs were not afraid to close facilities that had been unprofitable. Importantly, Lincoln Electric was the company that managed facilities e ffectively and eliminated any reduplication. Finally, in the time of global financial constraints, the company was also successful in acquisitions. The policy to acquire assets of companies well established in certain markets has proved to be effective and the company managed to remain the leader in the global market. Works Cited Siegel, Jordan. â€Å"Lincoln Electric.† Harvard Business School (2008): 1-24. Print. This case study on Lincoln Electric was written and submitted by user Jerome Gamble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Calculate Your Average Sentence Length

Calculate Your Average Sentence Length Calculate Your Average Sentence Length Calculate Your Average Sentence Length By Mark Nichol Variety of sentence length is an important factor in good writing attending to the number of words in each sentence enhances the rhythm of your composition but careful writers occasionally monitor average sentence length, too. There’s no reason to obsess about either factor, but check your numbers now and then. Although variety of sentence length occurs naturally, it’s a good idea, when it’s feasible, to recite your writing aloud to ensure that stacks of sentences of repetitively equal or nearly equal length aren’t slipping through. Note, however, that though striving for variety of length and attending to average length may seem contradictory practices, average length has nothing to do with consistent length. And what’s the ideal average sentence length? It depends on the formality of your writing, and on your writing audience. Roughly, for a general audience, an ASL of less than 15 words is considered easy, 15 to 20 words is moderate, and more than 20 words is difficult. I measured my posts from last week and discovered that they ranged in ASL score from 20.7 words to 33.9; the others were spaced fairly evenly within this range. I frequently employ colons to signal additional statements, and I didn’t count what follows the colons as separate sentences, but even if I did, the ASL for most of my posts would still likely be in the 20s. However, as I noted in my post about reading level, I assume that many Daily Writing Tips readers are above the norm in reading comprehension (though a sizeable number are English-language learners). When I read about a study of ASL published in 1985, I learned that the ASL figures for leading American newspapers and magazines are comparable to the numbers for my posts. (Or they were comparable: The ASL for the best periodicals has probably declined in the last quarter-century.) But if I were writing for more modest general-interest publications, I would make an effort to reduce ASL to the low 20s or even the high teens. Here’s a more complicated index called the fog factor: After determining the ASL, divide the number of words of three or more syllables by the total number of words. Add that number to the ASL. Multiply the sum by 0.4. The number corresponds to reading-comprehension level corresponding to the number of years of education. For general-interest publications, the ideal total is between 7 and 9. The total for this post is over 14. Again, considering that it’s published on a blog about writing, that’s not excessive. However, if it inched any higher, or if the ASLs for my posts were routinely hitting in the upper 20s, I’d strive to simplify. Clarity, construction, and correctness are the most important elements of good writing, of course, but conciseness is also a virtue. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Do you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?Words That Begin with Q

Global leadership Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global leadership - Research Proposal Example According to Patterson et al (1998), â€Å"the effectiveness with which organizations manage, develop, motivate, involve and engage the willing contribution of people who work in them is a key determinant of how well those organizations perform.† Some companies have faced numerous leadership challenges from a global perspective due to their leadership styles. As such, this study focuses on the case involving the merger of Hewlett-Packard Company (NYSE: HWP) and Compaq Computer Corporation (NYSE: CPQ) which was intended to build an $87 billion global technology leader (Palo & Houston, 2001). However, this initiative was a failure due to the fact that the leadership was not effective in dealing with management issues from a global perspective. The CEO, Fiorina significantly differed with the views of the other people who supported the HP way of doing business. It can also be seen that the new culture created was not compatible with the usual HP way of doing business (Malone, 200 2). This led to the sacking of the CEO after the failure of implementing effective leadership strategies in solving the global challenges facing the company. Where there is lack of goodwill and positive leadership, it can be seen that there are likely to be numerous challenges that can be encountered in a global environment. ... egards to global challenges in leadership has influenced the researcher to undertake a study to investigate some of the measures that can be implemented in order to promote behaviour change of the of the leaders so that they can be effective. Basically, positive behaviour change among the leaders is one reliable way that can ensure the organisations’ viability and this can be achieved through exploring different leadership techniques that can enhance the leaders’ effectiveness in a global environment. The broad objective of the study is to investigate the measures that can be implemented by the leaders to address global challenges in leadership. The other objective is to explore the strategy that can be used to positively change the behaviour and attitude of leaders operating in a global environment. Transformational leadership â€Å"Focus of leadership research has shifted towards the examination of the behaviours exhibited by the leader that makes the followers more aware of the values and task outcomes, activate their higher order needs and induce them to transcend self interests for the sake of the organization,† (Bass, 1985, Yukl, 1989 as cited in Podsakoff et al, 1990). According to different researches about transformational leadership, followers often feel trust and respect toward a leader and they do more than what they are expected to do. It is imperative that a leader operating in a global environment should be in a position to show positive attitude and behaviour to the employees so that they can be motivated to put optimum performance in their operations. This is beneficial to the whole organization. A leader who is charismatic and capable of creating trust among the employees is also in a position to persuade them to have positive behaviour and

Hills beyond a river by Ni Zan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hills beyond a river by Ni Zan - Term Paper Example The essay "Hills beyond a river by Ni Zan" discovers the artwork by Ni Zan. Ni Zan earned the designation as one of the four masters of the Yuan dynasty along with Huang Gongwang, Wang Meng, and Wu Zhen because of his dedication on his art work and being active as a painter despite witnessing the transformation of his country into another form of government. Although he was born in an elite family in Jiangsu province, Southeast of China, he did not take advantage of their wealth to be schooled instead he spent more time in poetry recitals and paintings. Ni Zan who is also known as Yuan Zhen refused to join in any political and military activities in the government and to serve under the leadership of Zhang Shicheng who commanded Suzhou during those times. It was also this time that scholars were discouraged to participate in any affairs in the court but instead embark in â€Å"self cultivation† practice. Although, Yuan dynasty under the ruling of a Mongol leader, Kublai Khan c aused division of the Mongols and the imperial dynasty of China that resulted in disorganization within the government and social instability, the government did not strip the artists of their freedom to express their mind through their work. With this situation, Ni Zan went on travelling in the Southern part of China which is more peaceful at that time with his family during the fading years of the Yuan dynasty. When in the South, however famine struck in the region where Ni Zan lives which eventually lead the peasants to revolt. The reaction of Ni Zan with the situation is to leave the region and decided to give up his possessions including his paintings to his friends. He opted to live onto a houseboat he believes could give him the solitude he craves. His art works earned enough for their living as it was highly valued. It is believed that the elements and how he organized his paintings are all influenced by his contemporaries and on the situation he was in. When one looks at th e landscape painting â€Å"Hills beyond a river†, the first element he can appreciate are the trees because they were sketched to appear closer to the viewer. The viewer can see ordinary trees of different heights at the center firmly standing in a small mass of land that is slightly elevated from the pool of water below. The trees are observed to be a little scattered at the middle of the small island within the center of the painting. Further, it is obvious that the trees do not have much foliage but only enough to let the trees thrive for quite some time. The trees also look like they are drying especially the small one at the right side because it has no leaves at all. One cannot see other trees on either at the background or on the hills on the side. The visual acuity moves down to the basement of the painting where you can find a pool of water that looks like a river or a bigger lake steadily in place. Although, the elements used are nature, it is impossible to glimpse figure of animals or other form of life in the area. In between the small hills is a silent stream flowing by. Small stones can be seen to where the stream flows to meet with the bigger pool of water below. Small shrubs or plants are discernible on the small mass of hills on both the right side and left side from where the trees stand. On the

Write an analysis on the story barn burning by William faulkner Essay

Write an analysis on the story barn burning by William faulkner - Essay Example Compelled by his habit, he gets annoyed with De Spain’s attitude and he drops some horse droppings on his very expensive carpet. De Spain asks him to give him 20 bushels of corn against the charge of the rug. Furious, Abner sues him and the court orders to give De Spain 10 bushels of corn instead of 20. Abner still furious decides to set the De Spain’s barn on fire. Sarty stops his father from doing wrong but when he does not listen, he warns De Spain and runs away and never looks back towards his family again (Wilson 434). The story has been one of the best selling of its time. It was also adapted to a short film in 1980, which was very much loved around the world. The story basically gives the idea of believing in what is right and never standing by lies and falsehood. It is pretty much proven that the Snopes’ family completely relies on each other in right or wrong decisions. The family seems to be living in their own world which is outside society values and even outside law, rather than on traditional values of right and wrong. Even though it’s your own father, one should stand what is right always even if they are standing alone. Family loyalty is very important but what is more important is that you never give anybody a chance to questions your honesty, integrity and truthfulness. This will make you away from your family once in a while, but there will come a time when the family will be reunited and you will get the reward of your good deeds. The story has decently listed characters, the main being the father, Abner Snopes and the son, Sarty Snopes. A peace demanding judge is mentioned twice at different occasions. The first person who complained was named Mr Harris and the second was the person that was sued who also was the new landlord De Spain. Mentioned only one are Sarty’s mother, his two sisters, his brother and his aunt. The characters have not been over done by the writer.

Adams Building St Marys Church: Nottingham Architecture

Adams Building St Marys Church: Nottingham Architecture Outline the stylistic and technological contexts which influenced the buildings In this patchwork essay I will be outlining the stylistic and technological context which has influenced my chosen buildings, which is the Adams Building and St Marys Church in Nottingham. The Adams Building dates back to the 10th July 1855 has been the largest building in the Lace market district of Nottingham City centre. When Nottingham was the heart of lace production around the globe the building was once a lace warehouse and also a showroom for the people. The building got its name after Thomas Adams who was once a famous Quaker and industrialist in the 19th century. The St Marys Church is known to be the oldest parish in Nottingham and is believed to date back into the Saxon times. The building dates from the end of the reign of Edward III (1377) to that of Henry VII (1485-1509). The entire nave was finished before 1475. It is also The University church for the University of Nottingham and several schools and organisations hold annual services here. Many organisations hold annual yearly services and many use its function for a place of worship. As mentioned above, Adams was a Victorian industrialist with strong Quaker views and a deep social conscience. He had selected a local Nottingham based architect Thomas Chambers Hine who was drawn equally to history and technical innovation. Between them they created a building which, for a variety of social and architectural reasons, is now a quite a unique building. The building shows series of construction from 1854 to about 1874. The earliest phase of the building was when it faced Stoney Street with its unique symmetrical frontage behind a railed courtyard. Adams was very determined had provided good facilities for his workers. A large area of the basement was designed as a chapel where nearly 500 workers and managers would share service each day. On the other hand indoor toilets and rooms where also provided for employees, records show various funds and savings and a book club. During winter heating was also provided by the use of coal and patent warm air which flues through du cts from a heat exchanger boiler. Adams Buildings main entrance display area seems to have a very spectacular two storey light well in the centre of the building which is lit up by decorative gas lamps and approached by a grand staircase. As time went by the building became as part of Nottinghams heritage and was later listed as a grade 2 building.  £16.5 million was also spent on the building for refurbishment allowing the site to convert into Nottinghams college. Several floors had to be altered so that it met the buildings requirements. The main reason for refurbishment of the building was during the WW2 when the RAF used parachutes to store their belonging and this had damaged several floors which forced the building to close in the 1950s. The building became into disrepair as many of the floors were structurally unsound and often heavy machinery had caused some of them to fail. St Marys church is the only the present building on the site which occupies a prominent position in what was originally the Saxon town of Nottingham. Over the years great amount of work was done on the fabric of the church. In 1588 the tower vaulting collapsed into the church and was not replaced until 1812. The foundation stones of the piers of the tower had consisted of various fragments of a much earlier building, probably Saxon, or very early Norman. They consist of capitals, shafts, bases, arch mouldings, and plain ashlar of strong grit-stone. In conclusion to my two building i have outlined the stylistic and technological context which has influenced the twobuildings. Over the years the two building has playeda very important part for their people. The importance of these great two buildings only comes to know if we research thoroughly. Bibliography: http://viewfinder.historicengland.org.uk/search/detail.aspx?uid=145421 http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=1317165 http://flickriver.com/photos/bobwatt/tags/staircase/ https://sarahormerodntuarchitecturaltechnology.wordpress.com/author/sarahnormerod/page/2/ https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56275a18e4b0361a456e9c4d/t/5630e9abe4b0d9f80f94ded6/1446046123819/adams-history-leaflet.pdf http://www.nottinghamenglishschool.com/location/ http://www.experiencenottinghamshire.com/discover/adams-and-page-building-p666951 http://southwellchurches.history.nottingham.ac.uk/nottingham-st-mary/harchlgy.php http://www.stmarysnottingham.org/about_st_marys.html Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism | Review Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism | Review In Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich, Shelley Baranowski presents a detailed history of Nazi Germanys main leisure organization Strength through Joy (Kraft durch Freude or KdF). Although she attempts to point out the failures of KdF, the influence of politics and propaganda, and the likely inflated statistics of the organization, Baranowski seems to portray KdF as being largely successful in achieving many of its goals. Particularly, the author argues that KdF achieved an impressive increase in tourism and was relatively successful in improving the popular appeal of the regime and that its after-work branch, Beauty of Labour, improved conditions in numerous companies, though not appeasing workers entirely. This essay will provide arguments that in some cases contradict these conclusions. Overall, Strength through Joy sheds light on some of the positive aspects of the Nazi regime and helps explain to what extent KdF managed to bring leisure to the m asses, serve the political purposes of the party and diminish the role of class in society. Despite these strengths, Baranowski fails to include important economic and statistical measures and comparisons with other Nazi, pre-Nazi and foreign organizations or commercial travel agencies. Furthermore, the author appears to not discuss sufficiently the extent to which KdF was based on Socialist or other Weimar organizations. Without these points elaborated, the author seems to make some questionable interpretations regarding the extent of KdFs success. Therefore, this essay will argue that although this book attempts to provide a detailed and objective look into KdFs activities, it seems to lack information necessary to construct an accurate portrayal of KdFs impact in and on the Third Reich. Strength through Joy was organized under the German Labour Front in late 1933 as a tool to coordinate existing leisure organizations in the newly formed National Socialist regime. It soon consisted of several departments including the Beauty of Labour (for the beatification and improvement of factories), Sport and Tourism, among others. The Nazi idea for the organization was based on the Italian After Work, but while After Work was, as the name suggests, only concerned with organizing workers leisure time after working hours, KdF was meant to take on the ambitious task of managing both work and leisure for German workers (Baranowski 2004, 45). One of the main themes in Strength Through Joy is thus the role of KdF as a political tool and a class destroying mechanism. More specifically, Baranowski points out that KdF was a way to save resources for rearmament by providing the German people with an alternative to mass consumption (2004, 8-9, 119). KdF was supposed to achieve this throug h the creation of cultural activities, sport facilities, the active organization of tourism and the improvement of factories conditions. KdF was also to solve the problem of the eight-hour workday, which according to Robert Ley, leader of the Labour Front, left too much free time at the hands of the workers and could potentially threaten the unity of the racial community (Baranowski 2004, 42). In addition, Kristin Semmens adds that another purpose of KdF was to prepare the German Volk for future struggles through strengthening their bodies, but at the same time to aid for the temporary avoidance of war, through the significant exchange of German and foreign tourists (2005b, 145-146). However, perhaps the most important goal of KdF was to provide the feel in the German public that living standards have improved under the Nazi regime (Baranowski 2004, 38-39). In Strength through Joy Baranowski examines mainly two ways in which KdF attempted to achieve its goals, namely KdFs Beauty of Labour and the Tourism departments. She looks at case studies of workers experiences in factories, trips and cruises and although she attempts to maintain a fairly objective view of KdFs success, from those individual cases she generalizes that the regimes social policy yielded positive results (Baranowski 2005, 197). Baranowski even goes as far as to claim that KdF was relatively successful as an alternative to other options to raise living standards Fordism and Socialism (2005, 136), which seems far-fetched considering these two alternatives were never truly experienced within Nazi Germany. Here, Baranowskis definition of raised living standards is required. It would be perhaps possible to demonstrate that KdF or the regime in general had been successful in improving the well-being of ordinary Germans, if the results are measured by intangibles, such as access to vacations and improved factory conditions. On the other hand, it would be fairly hard to demonstrate the same if the r esults are measured by increased wages or material goods. The author does not provide that definition. Therefore, although it may seem logical to conclude that KdF was at least partially successful in both improving the public perception of the ruling regime and the well-being of Germans judging by some of the statistics it managed to achieve, the correlation between the increasing activity of KdF and the increasing support of the Nazis does not necessarily imply a causal relationship. For example, other factors in the 1930s such as the rise of employment and productivity could have contributed to the increased standards of living. Therefore, one should be careful when drawing conclusions on the KdFs success on a stand-alone basis, especially considering KdF was a part of both the Reich Tourism Association and the Ministry of Propaganda (Semmens 2005b, 147) and therefore it was just a small part of a very big machine. Furthermore, in terms of reducing the clash between classes and promoting the Volksgemeinschaft, Baranowski concludes that KdF helped link Volksgemeinschaft and Lebensraum (2005, 138) and that the organization was no mere beautiful illusion' (2004, 177). Undoubtedly, she does discuss the social conflicts on the KdF trips, but she seems to put more emphasis on the numbers that these tours achieved to draw her conclusions about their success as a political tool. Baranowski states that through the number of tourists who flocked to KdF, it reaped the dividend it sought, the enhancement of the Third Reichs popular legitimacy (2004, 161). However, other historians such as Christopher Kopper find that the propagandistic self-stylization of a seemingly classless society of vacationers was based on a Utopian vision, not on hard socio-economic facts (Kopper, 3). Thus, workers were still underrepresented on tours, middle classes were unhappy with the quality of KdFs service, Jews were consisten tly ignored and discriminated against and party leaders consistently flaunted a well-being far superior to that of most other Germans. More specifically, Kristin Semmens points out that only 5% of all KdF overnight stays in 1939 were taken by workers. She explains that number with the fact that although tour prices were astoundingly low, they were still fairly high compared to workers salaries, which had to cover many expensive trip extras (2005a, 100, 108). This argument weakens significantly Baranawoskis conclusion regarding the success of KdF, especially considering that even in the Weimar Republic workers composed about 10% of all tourists (Baranowski 2004, 15). Furthermore, KdF seems to have actually intensified class conflicts to some extent. First of all, the organization made the middle and especially the upper class angry when it refused to let them sign up for the considerably cheaper tours (Semmens 2005a, 107). Second of all, richer tourists seem to have been complaining openly against the behaviour of the masses of KdF tourists, while the KdF tourists complained they were not getting the same level of service as the richer tourists (Semmens 2005a, 102,107). Eventually, KdF was forced to move to unpopular and poor sites in order to both avoid growing conflicts and to attempt to financially support those underdeveloped areas (Semmens 2005a, 110). As a result, Semmens findings partially contradict Baranowskis, as she claims that KdFs promises to eliminate privileges were entirely unfulfilled and images of community misleading (2005a, 100). Nevertheless, although perhaps not as successful in promoting unity and improving the regimes image as Baranowski argues, KdF seems to have effectively demonstrated Nazi Germanys supremacy over other countries in at least one way -through its foreign tours. German tourists often visited cheap and poor areas of Portugal, Italy and Africa, where they could see for themselves the superiority of the Aryan race and thank the regime for the benefits that it brought (Baranowski 2004, 127). Still, despite the obvious effects of this subtle propaganda, Baranowskis generalization of the impact of these foreign tours on the German population seems far-fetched. Specifically, it is debatable whether she is correct in her conclusion that the KdFs foreign tours persuaded the majority of Germans that an improved economy, rising living standards and the regimes commitment to social opportunity defined the Third Reich (2004, 198), when her evidence seems to consist of only a few case studies from satisfied workers. A second theme that Baranowski discusses, though more briefly, is the emergence and the role of the Beauty of Labour office of Strength through Joy. The Beauty of Labour (Schà ¶nheit der Arbeit, SdA) was given the relatively difficult task of eradicating political divisions on the shop floor [through] environmental improvements in the factory, as well as the supervision of the recreational choices and personal habits of workers (2004, 75). Interestingly, this definition did not entail eliminating racial conflict, as the SdA sometimes described to employers the alternatives to its visions as Jewish (Baranowski 2005, 129). The main goal of this office was therefore to eliminate class conflict in factories by improving the quality and efficiency of design, lighting, ventilation, sanitation, noise and temperature, as well as sports, dining and washing facilities. SdA was most likely a way to increase the regimes public appeal and boost productivity, but also to compensate for reduced wa ges and the destruction of trade unions and the overall domination of employers over employees under the regime. It is fairly difficult to assess what Baranowski believes about the actual achievements of the SdA. On the one hand she seems impressed by the sheer number of events that SdA managed to organize. For example, the author quotes the programs likely inflated statistic that it improved over 17,000 companies by as early as 1935 and over 33,700 companies by 1938 (2004, 56, 110). She explains this apparent employers volunteerism to cooperate with SdAs suggestions with the fact that businesses were grateful to the regime for the destruction of unions, but also that in the mid-1930s organizations were actually competing for labour (Baranowski 2004, 112). Thus, Baranowski suggests that employers themselves considered that making factory improvements would be an important factor for attracting workforce. Baranowski seems to have paid little attention to the third likely reason for corporate cooperation the perceived and desired boost of productivity that would come as a result of improved fact ory environment and increased goodwill on the workers side. Tom Mason claims that there was such a boost though it was likely a very short term one (1966, 120). Thus, it is possible that corporations took that into account when complying with SdAs proposals. On the other hand, Baranowski makes the conclusion that improved factories did not compensate for longer hours, frozen wages and coerced volunteerism' (2004, 116), which seems to have been drawn from evidence of individual workers opinions. This conclusion makes intuitive sense, as within their workplace workers were actually under the direct control of the harsh reality of the Nazi regime geared towards rearmament, marked by frozen wages and curtailed consumption, and often dominated by big business. These workers were underpaid and overworked, and the beatification of their working environment, which they often had to execute themselves in unpaid overtime, seems a less efficient propaganda tool than after-work cultural events or vacation trips. Nevertheless, there were aspects of SdAs policies that workers appear to have welcomed. For example, some companies employees took it to heart to improve their working environment, either for their own healths sake or for the pride of winni ng an SdA award. As a result, Baranowski concludes that the praise [that]Beauty of Labour bestowed on retinues dedicated to improving their workplaces was less empty than it might retrospectively appear (2004, 114). Interestingly, with regards to the SdA program of improving the overall look of villages on key German roads, Baranowski claims that by 1938 only 708 villages were affected (2004, 107). It seems difficult to justify her qualifier (only), as the author does not provide any information on how many villages were supposed to be reformed or how many villages were there in total in Germany at the time. Nevertheless, the number seems vast and demonstrates a point Joshua Hagen supports- that from this success rate it is evident that these villages had some desire for and experienced pride from doing beautification. Particularly, Hagen analyzes the example of Rosenthal and describes how the political agenda and foreign policy at different times of the regime during its 12 year hi story had different impacts on Rosenthals desired image and the tourist groups that visited it. He concludes that the level of initiative demonstrated by local residents to beautify their city, the pride they seemingly experienced from doing that and number of tourists that came to the city were all significant (Hagen 2004, 223). Therefore, one should possibly be careful to qualify SdA as unsuccessful, coercive or as a small scale program, because it appears to have been, at least in some cases, the exact opposite of that. The third main theme in Baranowskis book regards the success of KdF in stimulating tourism in Nazi Germany. The tourism industry was one of the several focal points that the Nazi regime had since its coming to power. With considerable effort the regime strived to coordinate hundreds of independent travel societies and as a result by 1938 the Reich Tourism Association had managed to become a central authority incorporating all tourism organizations. Additionally, through establishing a legal framework, it was able to create a proper hierarchy, standards and professionalization requirements. Thus, it managed to distance itself from the usual organizational chaos in the Nazi regime (Semmens 2005a, 9, 23, 34, 41).Tourism is also the most widely covered and most debatable point in Baranowskis book. That the numbers KdF managed to achieve are impressive seems beyond doubt from 1934 to 1939, 43 million Germans took advantage of its trips (Baranowski 2004, 55), thus becoming the worlds bigg est organizer of package tours (Kaiserfeld 2009, 9). However, what is problematic is the perspective that Baranowski takes as presenting KdF as achieving these statistics almost single-handedly, with minimal discussion of the size and impact of commercial tourism in Nazi Germany , the role of the improving economy on the growing desire of Germans (and citizens of virtually all industrialized countries) to travel and of the significance of Socialist and Weimar organizations to the jump start of the organization. At the same time, she provides few economic figures to support her conclusions, and even those stand alone, left with no explanation as to their value in the 1930s and compared with neither commercial tourism, nor with similar organizations in France, Italy, Spain or Britain. When one does such a comparison, it appears that while KdF did achieve a rise in tourism, it was by no means unique. For example, Kopper states that while only 15% of adults in Nazi Germany took a week-l ong vacation in 1939, in the same year about 40% of the British vacationed for a week (2009, 2,4). Moreover, Semmens points out that between 1928 and 1933, domestic travel decreased by 40% (2005a, 8), which was most likely the result of the Depression. This allows for the reasonable assumption that at least part of the increase in tourism in the 1930s was due to the return of tourism to pre-Depression levels, as people deprived of resources and possibility to travel for several years finally had this opportunity again. Perhaps even more importantly, while Baranowski discusses in great detail the positive impressions that the KdF Tourism departments flagship- its cruises left on certain workers and other tourists, it seems that one cannot generalize from these individual cases that Nazi tourism or KdF as a whole left the same agreeable impression on the German population. In addition, cruises only accounted for about 2% of all KdF trips (Hachtmann 2007, 124) and so they were experie nced by a very small portion of Germans. What is more, on a national level KdF never really managed to compete with commercial tourism within Nazi Germany, as it never actually exceeded 11 % of the tourism industry. Furthermore, KdF had troublesome collaborations with hotels, restaurants and other travel accommodations, because the rates these had to agree on were far below what they charged individuals or even travel agencies (Baranowski 2004, 165). Importantly, one of Baranowskis strongest arguments regarding KdF that it promised comfort, individual choice and outlets for fantasy (2004, 161) can be disputed. The organizations cheap package tours certainly allowed at least some workers access to previously inaccessible luxuries and left them pleased (Semmens 2005a, 117). However, for the majority the KdF vacation meant a visit of unknown or poor domestic areas by travelling in a 3rd or 4th class train cars, cramped with hundreds of other tourists (Semmens 2005a, 126), which could probably be hardly described as comfort or fantasy. In addition, Baranowski nearly neglects to discuss the role of commercial tourism in the public perception of the Nazi regime. In contrast, Kristin Semmens argues that this type of tourism was more influential on German opinion of the Nazi party, which the regimes leaders realized well. Semmens further claims that this perceived importance of private tourism was the reason why KdF was not allowed to interfere with or endanger in any way the commercial travel sector and often had to succumb to travelling to unfamiliar sites. However, the Nazis did not merely let commercial travel unattended or uncontrolled. Instead, through it they purposefully provided continuity and an illusory escape from everyday reality in a particular area of civilian life. Thus, commercial tourism actually became a calculated attempt to maintain a degree of touristic normality (Semmens 2005a, 40, 73, 97, 99). Semmens concludes that there was only a superficia lly state-free sphere in the realm of tourism (2005b, 157), and thus both KdF and commercial tourism actually served the same, essentially political, purpose. However, there was one important difference between the two types. When the war started, KdFs activities became critically limited or stopped completely, and the organization was reduced to troop entertainment. At the same time, commercial tourism thrived until late in the war (2004, 201). Private travel survived in other hit hard countries as well, such as in occupied France until about 1943 (Furlough 2002, 469) and Civil War stricken Spain, where it thrived throughout the entire WWII (Holguin 2005, 1424). This demonstrates the inherited deficiencies of the state-run KdF as compared to private tourism that it was extremely dependent on state budgets, public appeasement, rearmament and later war effort, macroeconomic and political conditions. Thus, when problems began the government support needed to maintain the organization was no longer available and KdF had no choice but to assume a much smaller scale and a less visible role in the new war reality. This essay has attempted to provide a critical review of Shelley Baranowskis book Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich. Quotes, statistics and examples were drawn from different sources to confirm, or more often to contrast, Baranowskis findings in three main areas of her book the success of KdF as a political tool, the impact of Beauty of Labour on workers view of the regime and the role of Strength through Joy for the increase in tourism in the 1930s. For all three points, some weaknesses and limitations of Baranowskis work were pointed out. Admittedly, this essay has therefore taken a rather critical view of Baranowskis book. However, most criticism has been directed not towards the authors research, data, sources or methods of presentation, but rather towards her conclusions. Thus, this essay should not help diminish the importance of the book for the topic of tourism in the Third Reich. While Baranowskis book may have potential for improvement, it is certainly one of the first and so far major sources on Strength through Joy available in English. The significance of the book is further elevated when one considers that KdFs main archive and other related documents were largely destroyed during WWII, that the topic of tourism and popular appeal in a dictatorship are generally difficult to research and analyze, and that throughout most of the book the author has actually managed to preserve an organized, objective and fairly detailed view of her topic. In conclusion, a consideration of the points made in this essay may certainly contribute to Baranowskis pioneering study, but even without them the book still remains a strong addition to the Third Reichs historiography. Bibliography Baranowski, Shelley. Strength through Joy: Consumerism and Mass Tourism in the Third Reich. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Baranowski, Shelley. Radical Nationalism in an International Context: Strength through Joy and the Paradoxes of Nazi Tourism. In Histories of Tourism edited by John Walton. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications, 2005. Furlough, Ellen. Une le?on des choses: Tourism, Empire, and the Nation in Interwar France. French Historical Studies 25, no. 3 (2002): 441-473. Hachtmann, Rà ¼diger. Tourismus-Geschichte. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht, 2007. Hagen, Joshua. The Most German of Towns: Creating an Ideal Nazi Community in Rothenburg ob der Tauber. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94, no.1 (2004): 207-227. Holguin, Sandie. National Spain Invites You: Battlefield Tourism during the Spanish Civil War. The American Historical Review 10, no. 5 (2005): 1399-1426. Kaiserfeld, Thomas. From Sightseeing to Sunbathing: Changing Traditions in Swedish Package Tours from Edification by Bus to Relaxation by Airplane in the 1950s and 60s. Working Paper, Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, 2009. https://www-edit.sys.kth.se/polopoly_fs/ 1.29134!KAISERF.pdf Kopper, Christopher M. The Breakthrough of the Package Tour in Germany after 1945. Journal of Tourism History 1, no. 1 (2009): 67-92. Mason, Tom. Labour in the Third Reich. Past Present Society 33 (1966): 112-141. Semmens, Kristin. Seeing Hitlers Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan Publishing, 2005a. Semmens, Kristin. Travel in Merry Germany: Tourism in the Third Reich. In Histories of Tourism edited by John Walton. Clevedon, UK: Channel View Publications, 2005b. Spode, Hasso. Fordism, Mass Tourism and the Third Reich: The Strength through Joy Seaside Resort as an Index Fossil. Journal of Social History 38, no. 1 (2004): 127-155.

The Need for a Systems Development Process Essay -- Business Managemen

The Need for a Systems Development Process   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process is needed to address business needs and opportunities in a systematic and methodical manner that maximizes potential benefits while mitigating risks. It is a methodology that takes into account all aspects of existing processes, identifying its weaknesses and bringing opportunities light.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At a fairly early stage, the feasibility of the project is examined and the powers that be are given the opportunity to nip potentially disastrous projects before they can soak up too much cash.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Additionally, the process refrains from a potentially costly commitment to a particular physical solution by focusing on the logical model before formulating alternatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The process also ensures that the project remains on track and on focus thereby reducing the tendency for scope-creep. Mechanisms built into the process allow for control and oversight. And the paper trail generated in the faithful adherence to this process allows for a historical trace and is also the framework of the system documentation. What situations occur when system development fails?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most egregious situation, in my opinion, that could develop would be that an enormous amount of capital is unknowingly poured into an unfeasible solution. Almost as bad would be if the same money were to be spent on a project that does not appropriately address the business concern for which it was intended. The implantation phase could...

Health Care Case Study: Financial Statements Essay

Abstract â€Å"An empowered organization is one in which individuals have the knowledge, skill, desire, and opportunity to personally succeed in a way that leads to collective organizational success,† (Covey. 2011). Financial management within a health care organization is crucial to the success and stability of the organization. In this summary financial information on Patten Fuller Hospital will be revealed. Specifically, the differences between audited and unaudited statements and reporting on the hospital’s ratios will be included. Information related to the relationship on revenue sources and expenses will include how the hospital revenues and expenses are grouped for planning and control. Audited and Unaudited Differences During the years of 2008 and 2009 the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital’s balance sheet had some differences with the patient accounts of about $1,000,000. The discrepancies between the two amounted to $1,000,000; these discrepancies would be the audited statement that equaled to $58,787,000 and the unaudited statement in 2009 that amounted to $59,787,000 (Patton-Fuller Community Hospital, 2011). Then there were discrepancies on the Statement of Revenue and Expenses of about 1,000,000 during 2009. The discrepancies between the two that amounted to $1,000,000 would be the audited statement that equaled to $14,797,000 and the unaudited statement in 2009 that amounted to $13,797,000 (Patton-Fuller Community Hospital, 2011). The net income for the audited statement is 373,000 and, the unaudited is 627,000. Effect’s of Revenue Sources on Financial Reporting A company’s revenue comes from a variety of sources, including the sales of goods interests on loans, and income from renting or leasing. Accountant’s first record revenue in informal accounting ledgers to track capital as it comes into the company. Information ledgers are transferred to more formal,  official financial statements. The income statements, balance sheets, retained earnings statements and statements of cash flows are the four basic types of financial statements affected by revenue sources. Revenues and Expenses Grouped for Planning and Control The hospitals revenues and expenditures are plans and cohesively to track revenues and expenditures efficiently. The two main categories of revenue are, nonrevenue producing, and revenue producing. The nonrevenue producing services have two subdivisions, general services, and support services. General services are services, such as maintenance, and dietary. The support services are administrative costs relate to employee services, such as salaries, and employee welfare services. Revenue producing has two groups: nursing services and other professional services. Nursing services has five cost centers ranging from the intensive care units to the operating room. Professional services have 15 cost centers, such as emergency room and pharmacy. These cost centers correlate to specific expenditure categories. Expenditure grouping is separate into two categories, diagnoses, and procedures. Most revenue in health care organizations is either diagnoses or procedures. Major diagnostic categories (MDCs) group costs with a 27-classification system for diagnosis-related groups (DRGs). Each DRG represents a category of the services for patients. This classification assigns procedures provided to patients with current procedural terminology (CPT) codes. â€Å"CPT codes represent a listing of descriptive terms and identifying codes for identifying medical services and procedures performed† (Baker & Baker, 2011, p. 44). Conclusion Discrepancies were found in three areas between the audited and unaudited statements. The differences between the statements were vast with patient accounts showing a $1,000,000 difference, the statement of revenue and expenses showing a $1,000,000 difference, and a net income difference of $254,000. Corporate revenue comes from many sources. Revenue is reported on various financial forms like income statements, balance sheets, retained  earnings statements, and cash flow statements, which are the four basic types of financial statements affected by revenue. Different categories and services exist to group revenues and expenditures into cost centers that correlate to different DRG’s. DRG’s break down the procedures into CPT codes identifying the services and procedures for compensation. Reference: Baker, J.J., & Baker, R.W. (2011). Health care finance: Basic tools for nonfinancial managers (3rd ed.).Jones & Bartlett. Covey, S. (2011). Inspirational Quotes for Business: Empowerment and Delegation. Retrieved from http://humanresources.about.com/od/workrelationships/a/quotes_empower.htm Patton-Fuller Community Hospital, (2011). Annual Report 2009. Virtual Organization Portal. Retrieved May 27, 2011 from University of Phoenix

Rc lab report Essays

Rc lab report Essays Rc lab report Paper Rc lab report Paper Then the current ceases and the capacitor is fully charged. C Fig. 1 . A capacitor in series with a resistor. The left figure represents the circuit before the switch is closed, and the right after the switch is closed at t=O. The question arises on how does the current in the circuit vary with time while the capacitor is being charged. To answer this, we will apply Kerchiefs second rule, the loop rule, after the switch is closed EIR where q/C is the potential difference between the capacitor plates. We can rearrange this equation as The above equation contains two variables, q and i, which both change as a unction of time t. To solve this equation we will substitute for i dot q q This is the differential equation that describes the variation with time of the charge q on the capacitor shown in Fig. 1. This dependence can be found as follows. We will rearrange the equation to have all terms involving q on the left side and those with t on the right side. Then we will integrate both sides (q -CE)ARC q It q CE In ( ARC -CE (7) where e is the base of the natural logarithm. To find the current i(t) we will substitute for q in CEQ. 3 formula 8. The derivation of q is E-t/ARC where 10 = E/R is the initial current in the circuit. Fig. 2. Charge vs Time during charging Fig. 3. Current vs Time during charging Plots of the charge and the current versus time are shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The charge is zero at and approaches the maximum value of CE. The current has the maximum value of lo=E/R at and decays exponentially to zero as t . The product ARC appears in both equations and has the dimension of time. The exponents in those equations must be dimensions. ARC is called the time constant of the circuit and is represented by the symbol r. It is the time in which the current in the circuit has decreased to Lie of the initial value. Likewise, in a time the charge increases from zero to C E(el-l). The potential across the resistor will change as (10) and across the capacitor as q PVC = (11) Both functions change in time as exponential functions with the time constant t=ARC. Discharging a capacitor. Assume that the capacitor in Fig. 1 is fully charged and the potential across the capacitor is equal that of the battery. At time the switch is thrown from a to b so that the capacitor can discharge through resistor R. Substituting in CEQ. 4 we can write the discharging equation: (12) The solution for this equation is = Joe (13) The current can be obtained by differentiating CEQ. 3 i(t)= = ole (14) The minus sign indicates that the direction of the discharge current is in the direction opposite to the charging current. Both functions, q(t) and i(t), decay exponentially with the same time constant = ARC. The potential IVR across the resistor is given by (15) and the potential across the capacitor, PVC, changes in time as ) TTL PVC(t)- (16) Fig. 4. Resistor-capacitor network 2. Procedure The time constant t may be determined experimentally either during charging or discharging of the capacitors. You will use the R-C network shown in Fig. The switches allow you to select different combinations of resistors and capacitors. The positions of the switches shown in Fig. 4 result in the ARC circuit with . Ox Q and C=O. XX-6 F, compare Fig. 5. Fig. 5. ARC circuit corresponding to the positions of the switches in Fig. 4. To charge the capacitor you will use a DC Power Supply, Paso model 9049. Select the 30 V range. T he R-C network is designed to work only within this range. The VARIABLE control turns the power supply on and varies the voltage from O to IV. The output voltage can be read on the bottom scale of the meter. The output terminals have different colors, black for negative terminal and red for positive. Green terminal is only for 500 and 1000 V ranges do not use it!! Charging a capacitor. Set the circuit as shown in Fig. 6. Select a resistor R and a capacitor C. Attached the electrocuted to measure the voltage across the capacitor. Close the switch and start the timer. At regular time intervals record the capacitor voltage. Fig. 6. Experimental set up to charge a capacitor. Discharging a capacitor. Charge the capacitor to the initial potential of 30 VIDE. Disconnect the power supply and close the circuit by sliding the switch to he bottom position. Simultaneously start the timer. Use the electrocuted to measure the voltage across the capacitor at the same time intervals. Repeat point (1) for other values of R and C. 3. Repeat the experiment by charging and discharging capacitors as in (1 ) and (2) but this time measure the voltage across the resistor. According to Ohms law, potential is proportional to resistance multiplied by current. Hence, the potential across the resistor is proportional to the charging current. 3. Report Plot logarithm of the capacitor voltage during charging versus time for different ambitions of R and C.

Most Popular French Listening Exercises

Most Popular French Listening Exercises There are more than a hundred listening exercises on this site, ranging from simple dialogues to in-depth listening comprehension exercises. While the topic matter of a listening exercise doesnt necessarily matter (getting listening practice is usually the primary goal), some exercises definitely get a lot more traffic than others. The most visited listening pages tend to be those that offer practical advice or discuss someone or something famous. Here is the most popular French listening audio practice that DotDash has to offer. Beginners French numbers Work on your comprehension of French numbers with these random number generators. At the store Simple dialogue between a storekeeper and a customer. Intermediate/Advanced Le Bois de Boulogne Discussion of Bois de Boulogne, one of the most famous parks in Paris. Intermediate/advanced French in France Introduction to French in France (dialects and standard French) and the Dictionary of French Regionalisms. Eiffel Tower A report on visitors to the Eiffel Tower. Guignol Learn about Frances beloved puppet Guignol and its creator. Les Deux Magots Interview with the manager of the famous Deux Magots cafà © in Paris. Tintin Tintin is a world-renowned Belgian comic strip - learn about the character and its creator. Bistrots Paris Cafà ©s have long been a Parisian institution, but they have changed a great deal over the years. Accents in France French varies from country to country and from region to region.

Impacts of Cystic Fibrosis Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Impacts of Cystic Fibrosis - Coursework Example The impacts and effects of Cystic Fibrosis at Prenatal Care extend to both the expectant mother and the unborn baby. During the pregnancy, a mother may pass the Cystic Fibrosis gene to the baby. This blockage interferes with the production of insulin thus, results to the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. The secretion of the digestive enzymes from the pancreas is also terminated by CF, leading to a dysfunctional digestive system. This situation causes malnutrition to the mother and the fetus. Shortly after the childbirth, the intestines of the baby may be blocked, a condition known as Meconium ileus (Mayer, 2012). In the occupational considerations, CF can easily lead to incapacitation of an individual. Since CF causes malnutrition by tampering with the digestion, one may not have the required energy to perform his or duties. Such individuals may experience weakness and dizziness. Besides, Cystic Fibrosis results into diabetes mellitus which require regular medical check ups. The bacterial infection of the lungs causes frequent coughing. All these effects may render an individual incapable of doing certain jobs. Furthermore, a CF ill individual is at high risk of injury at work due to the weak nature of the body. To cope with this condition, one requires constant medical advice and food supplements. For the expectant CF mothers, the supplements of folic acid and vitamin A will be of great help. Above all, these patients need to be well educated on their condition and the management.

Four stories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Four stories - Essay Example So each man was correct from the own perspective, yet each were also wrong, in insisting that his was the only correct version. As the village wise man said, â€Å"Each one of you is correct; and each one of you is wrong.  Ã‚   Because each one of you had only touched a part of the elephant’s body.   Thus, you only have a partial view of the animal.   If you put your partial views together, you will get an idea of what an elephant looks like.† Thus, here the story relates to our daily experiences, where we tend to see things exclusively from our own viewpoint, while failing to comprehend what others feel about the same issue.  It is essential that we try to understand other people’s viewpoints, in order to  get a correct perspective of a certain situation, with judge it with an open and unbiased mind. This is most relevant to the topic of the varying religious views, where all are in search of God, and each with their narrow perspectives view only a par t, and fight with the other, about their varying notions. They fail to understand that it is the same God that they examine, only from a different perspective. Thus, instead of fighting like the blind men, men should work together, on solving the jigsaw puzzle. This would help them to understand God better, while also ensuring that there is peace in this world. Thus, the question that comes into the mind is that, in this modern world, when we see so much of religion related violence around us, is it not time that we stop behaving like the blind men and insist that only our way of viewing the elephant is correct? It is essential that we learn to tolerate and respect other people’s views, which would help to would ensure our happiness, while also giving us a complete perspective of the Supreme Being called God. The lost son The  Lost Son, also known as the  prodigal son, is one of the most famous  parables of Jesus Christ, found in the  Canonical gospels  of the  Ne w Testament. Here, we find that a younger son after taking his share of inheritance moves to a distance land, where he wastes his entire fortune by squandering away the money (in Gospel of Luke, 15:11-32). After wasting his fortune, the son toils for some time and finally repents. On returning home he is lovingly welcomed back by his father, who says his younger son, had long died, but had finally become alive once more, and had come back home. In the end when the elder son questions his father, as to he who had been staying with him and obeying his instructions throughout, had never had a goat killed in his honour, yet, when the younger son who had abandoned his father comes back, he gets a loving treatment and a calf killed in his honour. Here, we can interpret that the elder son who has been with his father, always had received everything; while the younger son who had left everything to search for something better, had suffered terribly, and now was repenting his prodigal ways, and so must be welcomed back into the fold. Here the elder son views the situation in terms of â€Å"law, merit, and reward† (Arland , 2002, 70), while the father representing Divine Love refuses to be bound by any limits to his grace or mercy. Here, what stands out is that, all sinners receive God’s grace and love, as he repents for his actions. Thus, one can say, to err (or to sin) is human, while to forgive is divine, and any person who is repentant, becomes a part

Clifton and Plath on the Feminine Identity Essay

Clifton and Plath on the Feminine Identity - Essay Example While they both appear to be in agreement on the nature of the feminine identity, their American perspectives differ vastly. Clifton, as an African-American, alludes to African themes, and brings into her poem questions about the duality within the African-American experience, and ultimately celebrates herself as a symbol of endurance. Plath's is decidedly different in its paradoxical nature. While her poem focuses on the vivacious and enigmatic legacy that she will leave behind, it is wholly centralized around her death, which creates a somewhat doomed undertone. But while both poets differ in their cultural perspectives, they both produce similar portrayals of the feminine identity as being one of strength, passion, and survival. Clifton brings many symbols to her poem that speak to the African-American, as well as the female experience. She describes herself as a "jungle girl/quick as a snake/a tree girl," (4-6). In aligning herself with such images as a jungle, a snake, and a tree-dweller, she is making a direct allusion to the African identity. Throughout American history, the image of the "African savage" was utilized as a means of persecution, keeping black-Americans under an oppressive rule by larger society. Africans were believed to be tribal jungle-dwellers, savage and uncivilized, and particularly dangerous for their lack of Christianization. Furthermore, the African religions were heavily focused on nature, spirits, demons, and magic, which made them even more frightening to white Americans, who were largely Protestant and highly hostile to Paganism and superstition. Clifton's reference to being "quick as a snake-" the snake being the Christian symbol of evil-seems to be an open embrace of the whi te-American view of the Africans as being aligned with evil and Satan-worship for their ritualistic beliefs. This embrace of a taboo culture is further emphasized in the repeated phrases: "I met me." She has met herself, meaning she has rediscovered her own identity-an identity that has long been buried under social beliefs that it was shameful, uncivilized, and even subhuman. But Clifton also brings a feminine element into her poem, calling herself a "jungle girl" and a "tree girl." Throughout western history, women have been aligned with nature, specifically with the cyclicality of nature, which is similar to the cyclicality of female fertility. Possibly even more revealing is Clifton's description of herself as being "quick as a snake." Snakes have also been ascribed to femininity as, in the Bible, it was a woman (Eve) who fell under the serpent's sway. On the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo went so far as to paint the serpent itself as having the face and torso of a woman. Thus, Clifton is rediscovering two socially repressed identities: her African identity, and her feminine identity. She goes on to write:

Public Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay Example for Free

Public Health of the Developing Country of South Africa Essay Abstract Studies and statistics have put the cost of one year requirement of standard essential medicines needed for the treatment of AIDS at $ 4000 to $ 6000 in developing countries like South Africa. This cost puts the medicines out of the reach of most of the people infected by HIV in the developing countries. In order to make the medicines available to all the needy people the cost should have been at least 95 percent less. The exorbitant price is because of the cost of the patents. The drugs protected by the intellectual property rights were required to treat diseases like Tuberculosis, in addition to the treatments of HIV/AIDS. Such drugs also included Hepatitis-B Vaccine. There has been a continuous criticism by the social activists and other public health associations, of the action by the World Trade Organization in making the developing countries implement the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which deals with the protection of Intellectual Property rights relating to the essential drugs. They have also been condemning the attitude of the multinational companies in indulging in excessive lobbying to insist on the implementation of the IP rights protection which will have the effect of enhancing their earnings by charging exorbitant prices for the drugs and for putting the essential drugs and health care beyond the affordability of scores of people in the developing nations including South Africa. However under such circumstances the relationship between the government of South Africa and the international pharmaceutical companies had not been a conducive one – thanks to the implementation of the provisions of TRIPS Agreement. On the decision of the South African Government to pass the Medicines and Related Substances Amendment Act in the year 1997, 39 drug companies joined to initiate legal action against the government. The plea of the drug companies is that the Act gave too much freedom of action to the Health Minister and he acted beyond the legitimate interpretation of TRIPS. It was the endeavour of South Africa to make life saving drugs available at affordable prices. The country wanted to effectively utilize the compulsory licensing opportunities opened by TRIPS so that the prices of the drugs could be put under check. But since the action of the government posed a threat to the earning capacity of the international pharmaceutical companies they went to the extent of entering into litigation with the government of South Africa. Introduction TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights) under the authority of the WTO were founded to protect worldwide intellectual property rights. The agreements, governing not only more general intellectual property rights but also those of the pharmaceutical industry, are fairly stringent causing many problems for developing countries especially South Africa which is being ravaged by epidemics which includes AIDS. According to a statistical survey by United Nations[1] 20 percent of the adult population in South Africa tests positive for HIV. The impact of the disease is such that the more than half a million children have been declared orphans. It is also reported that HIV/AIDS related diseases expect to reduce the average life expectancy in South Africa by 20 years in the year 2010. Therefore it can be inferred that the provision of treatment of HIV/AIDS in South Africa is a high priority issue[2]. It has been necessary for South Africa to circumvent part of the TRIPS agreements in an effort to protect its population.   AIDS is taking great toll of the country leaving families without parents and health care hospitals totally unable to cope. The United States currently insists on the TRIPS agreement being strictly adhered to and seems unable, or unwilling, to find a way to help the developing nations with this problem. There have been some efforts made to help them in this respect, for example compulsory licensing and parallel pricing and these methods will be examined in a later section. The negotiation of the TRIPS Agreement has been construed as one that was forcibly introduced by the developing countries against the objection of many of the developing nations. The industrial lobbies (multinational and transnational corporations) have convinced the governments of the developed countries to link the international trade with Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) so that the industrial advancement of the developing countries would be curtailed. This would automatically prevent imitation of technologies and increase the returns on research and development for the developed countries. Monopoly rights granted under IPR were mainly intended to deter the developing countries from advancing on the industrialization. Thus TRIPS Agreement and the protection of IPR have been used to ensure the comparative advantage of the developed countries in terms of the technological development. Under TRIPS countries like India, Brazil which manufactures generic medicines would not have the right to export such medicines with effect from 01 January 2005. This is so despite the fact that the importing countries do have the respective patents covering the drugs. Specifically the least developing countries have put a strong resistance to the requirements of TRIPS especially in the matter of granting the protection rights for the products and processes. While developing countries were required to implement the provisions within one year of reaching the Agreement, the developing countries were given time until the end of the year 2004. In the matter of protection of rights of pharmaceutical products the lease developing countries have been allowed to delay the implementation of TRIPS Agreement provisions till the year 2016. The peculiarity with the provisions of TRIPS is that it allows any country to override the patent right under certain specific circumstances by using the compulsory licensing procedure. For instance when there is a shortage of drugs or the prices of the drugs are too high to make them unaffordable the country can override the patent if the prescribed procedures are followed. This provision of TRIPS presupposes that all the countries do possess the required manufacturing facilities which enable them to use the provisions to produce generic medicines under extraordinary circumstances. But unfortunately many of the developing and least developing countries do not posses such facilities, and hence they would be left with shortage of such drugs. In addition they are also not allowed to import the generics from those countries that possess them. In any case these countries do not have enough power and administrative capabilities to invoke the TRIPS Agreement either due to the reason that they do not possess the know-how required to reengineer the drugs or they fear sanctions from the US and the West[3]. TRIPS Agreement under WTO The TRIPS Agreement is often thought of as one of the three â€Å"pillars† of the WTO (World Trade Organization), trade in goods and services being the other two.[4] TRIPS, initially part of GATT. But becoming part of the WTO brief, was founded to ensure that protection of intellectual property rights was not, of itself, an obstruction to trade and to increase cooperation between members. Under the TRIPS agreement each member state has an obligation to treat all other member states equally. The WTO negotiates between members and helps them to understand and carry out the rules and regulations they have signed up to. It also aids cooperation between members and acts as a watchdog to ensure that the agreement is adhered to. Marketing rights of a patent, when first applied for, are given for a period of 5 years or until the patent is finally approved (whichever is the shorter period) but even during this period members must comply with the rules and regulations as set out in Articles 3 and 4. Because of the nature of the agreement especially as regards pharmaceuticals, it was decided that minimum standards could be used, the USA prefers the higher standards but accepts the minimum as the developing world does not have the capacity to work to the higher standards at the present time. Public awareness of the serious issue of AIDS and other diseases has led to the belief   (by the WTO) that health must, in the final analysis, come before agreements since the spread of AIDS cannot be the sole responsibility of one country. In trying to bridge the gap between the pharmaceutical companies and the developing nations, TRIPS has endeavoured to bring the two sides together by allowing extensions to drugs’ patents but has also allowed some compulsory licensing. Article 3(a) under the TRIPS Agreement states that treatment of all members must be equal,   but Article 3(b) is a get-out clause and Article 4(b) states that all members are equal, unless an †¦agreement was entered into before the WTO agreement.   However, the Council for TRIPS must be informed of any non-observance of Article 3(a) under Article 3(b). The TRIPS Agreement ensures that members discharge their commitments to the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO). Part of the United Nations WIPO was set up in 1974 specifically to direct international treaties and agreements. The Paris Convention on Industrial Property and the Berne Convention on Copyright, two of the major treaties have been brought under the TRIPS umbrella.   The former states that â€Å"members must comply with the obligations they have towards each other† and â€Å"nothing must stand in the way of such obligations†.  Ã‚   However, as noted, there is a get-out clause in cases of emergency which has to be acknowledged by members to the agreements. There is also an agreement that member countries monitor each other for infringements.   Most important in terms of worldwide health problems is Article 67 of TRIPS which states   that developed countries must assist developing countries with the development of their intellectual property rights, it states: â€Å"In order to facilitate the implementation of this Agreement developed country Members shall provide, on request and mutually agreed terms and conditions, technical and financial cooperation in favour of developing and least-developed country members† â€Å"Such cooperation shall include assistance in the preparation of laws and regulations on the protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights as well as on the prevention of their abuse, and shall include support regarding the establishment or reinforcement of domestic offices and agencies relevant to these matters, including the training of personnel.†Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Programmes to assist the developing nations have already been promoted and are being assisted by the WTO secretariat and WIPO. TRIPS Agreement in Relation to Medicines   Since most pharmaceutical research and development is carried out in developed countries the organisations involved feel that they should be better protected.   Most drugs cost millions and take years to test and develop before being allowed onto the market, the industry naturally want returns by way of profits on sales. AIDS medication has been a particularly important breakthrough since: ‘HIV infects an estimated 45 million persons worldwide†Ã‚   but there are also â€Å"†¦1.86 billion cases of infection with mycobacterium tuberculosis†[5] therefore, it is imperative that something be done to help alleviate this type of suffering which, with the ever growing number of tourists, should be the concern of not only those countries in which these epidemics are raging but every nation whose borders are open to travel from other countries. The TRIPS agreement, currently, seems to err on the side of the drugs’ companies, probably because they have such powerful lobbies and are part of the new world-wide elite of corporations which, according to Janet Dine, are increasingly importing their own ethics into the developing countries and virtually taking over, creating in the process an impoverished and unhealthy nation, they, the indigenous population have to take what is offered often at less than subsistence wages and become more dependant on the corporations who have moved into their countries in search of ever increasing profits. The money the corporations make from taking over in developing countries returns, not to the people of that region, but to their own countries.  Ã‚   With tax incentives and a population who take any work they can get to survive at the lowest rates offered, these Corporations appear to be fuelling a crisis in health for some of the poorest nations in the world.[6] Although The TRIPS agreement does allow for compulsory licensing in an emergency, each country must first negotiate with rights’ holders and must use those drugs obtained under such a license only for the emergency period and not for any commercial gain. Specific areas, such as South Africa, are going through a health crisis which needs the drugs already available to ameliorate it, however, in spite of clause 3(b), they are getting no further forward in their fight to help their citizens to overcome unprecedented death rates that the epidemics are producing. In spite of Articles 30/31, which allow for compulsory licensing, the poorest and least developed nations are fighting against the cost of the use of patents and the epidemics themselves. Compulsory licensing does not adequately cover the needs of such nations in   â€Å"sub-Saharan Africa since they do not have facilities to manufacture their own drugs.†[7] Protection of intellectual property is not part of the culture of many countries, nevertheless, the TRIPS Agreement was signed on 15th April 1994 by 117 nations. The agreement allows intellectual property rights to be â€Å"enforced by trade sanctions†[8] and, although some countries were not in complete agreement, international trade is vital to their economic growth so, however reluctantly, they signed.   Inhibitors, which have done much to control AIDS in the west, cost as much as $10.000 per head annually but international trade is the life blood of developing nations therefore they had little choice but to do so.[9] 4. TRIPS and Developing Countries It has been observed that implementing TRIPS Agreement and recognizing IPR on pharmaceutical products and processes would result in the following problems to the developing countries[10]: The minimum 20 years protection to the IPR would grant a virtual monopoly for a pharmaceutical company over its patented drug and the company would be able to charge exorbitant prices on the drugs without competition which in turn would keep the drug prices very high during the period of protection. It is also not possible to bring any generic equivalent into the market due to the TRIPS Agreement. This would deny the patients cheaper alternative drugs. The product and process patents provide for the protection of the product as well as the technology. Under the TRIPS Agreement the countries are given the right to make application for the protection of patent rights on drugs for a period extending up to twenty years. After the expiation of this period the countries can get the protection extended for further periods to the processes being employed in the manufacture of the drugs. This no doubt creates a monopoly situation on the drugs. Such protection also throw the domestic pharmaceutical producers in the developing countries out of market as they have to compete with large multinational pharmaceutical manufacturers which is not possible for small producers in the developing nations who use cheaper generic alternatives. Moreover such production may not be carried out by them during the 20 year protection period. Under TRIPS Agreement patent rights need to be granted irrespective of the fact that the products are imported or domestically manufactured[11]. This implies that the transnational corporations can supply global markets under the monopoly of patent rights even without producing any medicines in the developing countries by simply importing them into the developing countries. There will be no flow of technology or foreign direct investments into the developing countries as envisaged by the WTO However under Article 66 of the TRIPS the least developed countries were allowed to postpone the application of the provisions relating to the patents for a period of 10 years on specific application.[12] 5. Exceptions to the Patent Protection of Pharmaceuticals    Parallel importing – implying that the developing counties are allowed to import the drugs from the cheaper markets for resale in their respective countries and thereby lower the prices of drugs. Compulsory licensing – under compulsory licensing scheme, the government acting through the courts of law is empowered to provide a license in favor of a third party. Such license may be granted by the government even without the prior consent of the license holder. However the compulsory licensing can be resorted to in cases of national emergencies. The license may also be compulsorily transferred to a third party in case of an extremely emergent situation or where there are circumstances implying any anti-competitive movements by the manufacturers. The compulsory licensing is resorted to by the governments to make the drugs easily available to the poor and needy people at affordable costs. It also ensures that the patent holder is provided adequate compensation for use of the patent. 6. Public Health in South Africa and the Impact of TRIPS Agreement The need for cheaper drugs in South Africa can not be undermined. The impact of AIDS in the country poses the situation of an extreme emergency forcing the implementation TRIPS. The economy of South Africa is likely to get affected by a reduction of 1 percent every year because of the work force getting disintegrated. It is estimated that the life expectancy would be lowered to 50 years in 2010 from 70 years currently. These threats to the economy and population growth would as well be a threat to ‘peace and order’ situations in the country of South Africa[13]. In this context all the problems enumerated above for the developing nations have been faced by South Africa also. In addition when the government wanted to implement the Medicines and Related Substances Control Bill, the US Government vehemently objected to the passing of the law which allowed for parallel importing and compulsory licensing. However amidst lot of pressure on the government and the Parliament the South African government enacted the law in the year 1997.The pharmaceutical lobby backed by the transnational companies in the South Africa not only filed a suit against the promulgation of the law but also indulged in negotiations and threats   to the government to change its stand. The pressure was intense after the year 1997 when the South African government tried to implement a number of policy measures to lower the prices of drugs used in public health. â€Å"The SA policies have focused on such issues as mandatory generic drug substitution, restrictions on inappropriate marketing efforts, registration of generic versions of the cancer drug Paclitaxel (sold as Taxol by Bristol-Myers Squibb), parallel-imports, and compulsory licensing†[14]. It may be noted that despite Article 31 of the TRIPS Agreement that provides for the parallel importing and compulsory licensing the transnational pharmaceutical companies have vehemently opposed the attempts by developing countries like South Africa taking measures for implementing parallel importing and compulsory licensing as these practices would allow these countries to have their requirements of the medicines at cheaper prices which in turn would affect the profits of these transnational companies[15]. It was after the intervention of the AIDS activists and health activists that US came to an understanding in the issue. The government of South Africa insisted that it retains all the original provisions defending its position be retained. The government also wanted to make the fullest use of compulsory licensing and parallel importing which were considered as detrimental to the interests of the American Transnational Companies[16]. How American Corporations Control the Business World A- Business lobbies: Large and small businesses in the United States have been organised into various associations, for example Business Round Tables are national Associations which include membership of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of all the most important trans-national companies and the National Chamber of Commerce includes all sizes of firms.[17] Round Tables have been in existence since 1972, the first was formed by forty-two of the (then) biggest and most important U.S. companies including banks, retailers, Insurance, transport and most of the utilities’ companies. They were designed to enable business to proceed without the destructive competitive basis of the business world. They were described as: â€Å"An association of chief executive officers who examine public issues that affect the economy and develop positions which seek to reflect sound economic and social principles. †¦ the Roundtable was founded in the belief that business executives should take an increased role in the continuing debates about public policy.†[18] The raison d’etre for these firms was the idea that ‘what ever is good for business is good for the American people’. They argued that, employees, purchasers, suppliers etc all have an interest in a business. These associations, they say, represent a cross section of the American public.[19] The idea that ‘what is good for business is good for America’ is patently nonsense since most people are in fact excluded from any rights in this elite world.  Ã‚   Employees have little or no say in the running of their firms and consumers must pay the prices asked, they do have the right ‘not to buy’ which is a somewhat negative view of the process of inclusiveness. David C Korten says that most of the memberships of the Round Tables are confined to white males over the age of 50 whose salaries are enormous. They do not, as claimed, consider that what is good for business is good for America but rather endeavour to maximise their own profits and those of their shareholders by seeking to globalise in areas where they can have an almost free hand to carry out their business practices almost unhindered by the laws of any country they move into. [20] Free Trade has long been an ideal of the American Corporate world which is why the Round Tables campaigned vigorously for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA and created USA-NAFTA to front their interests, the American public, nervous at so much control in so few hands, have been given country-wide blanket assurances through the media.   In spite of the fact that NAFTA was supposed to be a really broad church of interests it is really part of the elite Round Table Associations and has many representatives on advisory committees. The country might have been even more nervous if they had realised that at the time of the creation of these Round Tables the major companies were in fact laying aside their competitive differences to â€Å"reach a consensus on issues of social and economic policy for America†.[21] B- Influence of U.S. Democracy Janet Dine claims â€Å"no single idea is more deeply embedded in modern culture than the belief that economic growth is the key to meeting most important human needs, including alleviating poverty and protecting the environment† [22] which accounts for the greatest growth area in Washington being public relations firms. These firms work hard to protect the images of their corporate clients against a rising tide of discontent which is now manifesting itself throughout the world. It could be thought that they are fighting a losing battle but â€Å"the top fifty public relations firms billed over $1.7 billion dollars in 1991†[23] which gives rise to the question, why are these PR firms so necessary? There is probably no single answer to this question but very little news is given directly to the public without some corporate employee looking at the effect it will have, news and advertising, according to Korten, are almost synonymous.[24] The political system of America has greatly changed in the post war period of more general affluence. The Democratic party has lost its basic identity   the party of the people – as opposed to the Republicans who have always represented business and the wealthier side of the electorate – this being so the Democrats are far more dependant on the need to raise funds for their electioneering and have turned to the corporations who inevitably want quid pro quo for their donations. The mass media are heavily behind the elitist values of corporate America and the amount they are able to pay to PR firms to put across an extremely one-sided policy and both the leading parties needing the financial backing of corporate America, this, says David C Korten, â€Å"This is the sorry state of American democracy†.[25]   He says that voters tend to be seen as a passive homogeneous mass of potential customers who can be told not only what to buy but also what to think and feel.   What is worse, this idea of corporations is spreading, many trans-national companies rely heavily on the corporate idealism of what is good for them is good for the people they sell to.   Mexico and Japan both use those same American firms to tell their populations what they should think and feel and ultimately what they should buy. C- American Democracy   for Sale: â€Å"The Mexican government spent upwards of $25 million and hired many of the leading Washington lobbyists to support its campaign for NAFTA. †¦ Japanese corporations were spending an estimated $100 million a year on political lobbying in the United States and another $300 million building a nationwide grassroots political network to influence public opinion†. [26] Canada, Britain and the Netherlands’ governments employ public relations’ firms in America to help them lobby and draft laws that will be favourable to the business elites in their own countries. These companies try to sell the idea of ‘corporate libertarianism’ [27]which is supposed to allay the fears of those who have an idea that all is not well in the corporate world of business, it is possible to claim that these corporations are in fact in the act of ‘taking over the world’ and with the resources piling up behind them it could well happen in the not too distant future. The United States and Higher Levels of Protection. To add to this theme of a world take-over by corporate America, the signatories to TRIPS have begun to rethink intellectual property protection.[28] This is bad news for those under-developed countries which rely on drugs from the western world to protect their citizens from ravaging epidemics. Rosalyn S Park says: â€Å"Poor, developing nations have been most affected by the patent protection laws and resulting high drug prices, yet these nations also harbor the highest number of HIV-positive people. Consequently, the vast majority of people in need of HIV/AIDS medicines simply cannot afford them†. [29] In 2006 new protection laws will come into force which all members must adhere to. This will have a devastating effect on the millions of people in countries too poor to have their own drugs’ businesses, they will become more reliant upon those better protected, developed countries making vast profits from the countries least able to pay. Neither the USA nor the European Union appear greatly interested in aiding those countries with the greatest needs and the least ability to pay.   Admittedly concessions have been made as regards agricultural and textile concessions but this has been at the cost of allowing higher property rights which is a swings-and-round-a-bouts situation.   It would be much more useful to South Africa specifically and to the developing world in general, if the costs of patented drugs could be either brought down or, as a common sense gesture of good will, eliminated completely until such time as the AIDS epidemic was at least brought down to manageable proportions. In spite of â€Å"several different types of drugs on the market which help combat AIDS and AIDS related illnesses†[30] not enough are getting through to the developing countries as the multinationals are still insisting on not just the status quo as regards intellectual property rights but even higher levels.[31] They appear to be driven only by the profit motive and the perceived necessity for free trade paying little attention to the suffering caused in the developing world. Nor are they taking a long term view, highly contagious diseases are rife in the developing world, therefore, with the modern freedom of travel, no country can ever be safe from the same epidemics.   Even with modern drugs to combat them, new strains will develop, new drugs will have to be found and costs will escalate. Drugs now exist which allow people with AIDS to live a reasonably normal life including returning to work, it would in fact be in the interests of the drugs’ companies to allow South Africa to use them, dead people have no use for drugs nor anything else that the multi-nationals may wish to sell them. Conclusion The TRIPS Agreement was a milestone in patent protection of intellectual property rights and was considered to be a financial safeguard for research investment, however, it also had the effect of pricing some pharmaceuticals out of the reach of many nations most in need of the most recently patented medicines.   Before the TRIPS agreement, governments had been able to make compulsory licence orders to produce drugs at lower prices in their own countries, after the agreement, although still possible, it is much more difficult and thus more difficult to protect their citizens from the epidemics which are wreaking havoc in their countries. It is important to protect intellectual property rights but it is far more important to protect people’s lives but the balance currentlppears to be largely towards the greater protection of pharmaceutical industries. TRIPS allows compulsory licensing and parallel pricing but underdeveloped countries such as South Africa are being prevented from using them because of the threat of trade sanctions and trade is vital to their economies. It is necessary to protect peoples’ work and investment and research must be encouraged especially into life-threatening diseases. Corporations who invest time and money into producing drugs to cope with these scourges should reap the rewards of their labour.   However, many drugs’ companies are seeing such enormous returns on their investments that concessions should be made to underdeveloped countries which so desperately need the medications produced by these huge giants of industry. In spite of concessions in the TRIPS agreement, corporations do appear to be protected at the expense of people’s lives. Public health should be and is a priority in the west where governments can afford to buy the health of their citizens. Unfortunately, this is not the case in the poorer, less developed countries where governments are struggling to find ways to access drugs and yet to maintain a healthy trading relationship with the countries which hold the patents to these drugs. Good health is the basic right of every citizen of every country wherever possible. More goodwill is necessary on the part of the western world and America in particular to allow compulsory licensing and parallel pricing to be used without the threat of trade sanctions.  Ã‚   Epidemics do not respect borders, they can be carried by people to all corners the world, what was a third world problem yesterday is our problem today, world health is an issue that no country can ignore therefore although corporations must be allowed fair returns on their investments it must not be at the expense of world health. It is quite apparent that TRIPS Agreement has not taken into account the public health needs of the developing nations while formulating the clauses relating to the protection of IPR in respect of pharmaceutical needs. The Agreement has not specified any particular obligations towards those governments granting the IPR for pharmaceutical products. The Agreement has also not considered the need for public health in the developing countries and grossly ignored the interests of the patients of these countries. There are a number of factors that the developing countries have to take into account including the implication of the TRIPS Agreement and the patent protection under the Agreement in the provision of medical facilities and adequate public health to the people of the respective developing countries. â€Å"At the end of the day it must be recognized that the poorer residents of the world’s least affluent nations cannot pay even the marginal cost of drugs that might save their lives or permit them to become productive workers†[32]. Bibliography    Conceicao Soares (2007)‘The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 16 No 3 p 280 David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 Duane Nash, â€Å"†¦VI, Foreign International Law South Africa’s Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act of 1997† 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis) Fact Sheet ‘Developing Countries’ Transition Periods’ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm04_e.htm#pharmsandags p1 F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal ‘Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations’ Journal of International Economic Law (2002) p 939 Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.157 J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age: Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.6 John A. Harrelson, â€Å" IV. Note: Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion† 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis) Kara M. Bombach ‘The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPS’ http://academic.udayton.edu/health/06world/africa01.htm p1 Lisa Foreman (2007)‘Trade Rules, Intellectual Property and the Right to Health’ Comparative Program in Health and Society Munk Centre for International Studies University of Toronto Ethics International Affairs Vol. 21 No3 p 342 Louise Sylvan ‘TRIPS: Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People’ Online Opinion http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1968   p1 Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, August 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document.p1 N.B. Zaveri (1999) Success often comes to those who dare and act, paper presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and Peoples Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p1 Patric Bond ‘US Policy toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs’ Alternative Information and Development Centre http://www.aidc.org.za/?q=book/view/156 p1 Ross Brennan and Paul Baines (2005) ‘Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p32 Rosalyn S Park, The International Drug Industry: What the Future Holds for South Africa’s HIV/AIDS Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, p.3 Z. Mirza (1999) WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health: impacts and strategies, The Networks Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 27       [1] United Nations (2004) Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: United Nations [2] Ross Brennan and Paul Baines (2005) ‘Is there a morally right price for anti-retroviral drugs in the developing world’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 15 No 1 p 32 [3] Conceicao Soares (2007)‘The HIV/AIDS crisis and corporate moral responsibility in the light of the Levinasian notions of proximity and the Third’ Business Ethics: A European Review Vol. 16 No 3 p 280 [4] www.wto.org (Frequently asked questions about TRIPS in the WTO). [5] Duane Nash, â€Å"†¦VI, Foreigh International Law South Africa’s Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act of 1997† 15 Berkeley Tech. L J. 485(lexis) [6] Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.157 [7] John A. Harrelson, â€Å" IV. Note: Trips, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion† 7 Wid. L. Symp. J . 175(lexis) [8] Ibid [9] Ibid [10] Z. Mirza (1999) WTO/TRIPS, pharmaceuticals and health: impacts and strategies, The Networks Drug Bulletin, Sept-Dec 1999, Vol. 8, No. 5/6, Association for Rational Use of Medication in Pakistan p 27 [11] Medecins sans Frontieres (1999) Access to HIV/AIDS medicines in Thailand, Medecins sans Frontieres Report to the National AIDS Committee of Thailand, August 1999, MSF website, www.accessmed-msf.org/msf/accessmed/accessmed.nsf/html/4DTS2? Open Document. p1 [12] Fact Sheet ‘Developing Countries’ Transition Periods’ http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm04_e.htm#pharmsandags p1 [13] Kara M. Bombach ‘The South African Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Bill and TRIPS’ http://academic.udayton.edu/health/06world/africa01.htm p1 [14] Patric Bond ‘US Policy toward South Africa and Access to Pharmaceutical Drugs’   Alternative Information and Development Centre  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aidc.org.za/?q=book/view/156   p1 [15] Louise Sylvan ‘TRIPS: Protecting Intellectual Property or Putting Profits Before People’ Online Opinion http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=1968 p1 [16] N.B. Zaveri (1999) Success often comes to those who dare and act, paper presented at Brainstorming Workshop on WTO Agreements and Peoples Concerns, New Delhi, Oct/Nov 1999 p1 [17] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 [18] Ibid [19] Ibid [20] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.144 [21] Ibid [22] Janet Dine, The Governance of Corporate Groups, Cambridge University Press, 2000.p.156 [23] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.146 [24] Ibid [25] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London, p.147 [26] Ibid [27] David C Korten, When Corporations Rule the World, Earthscan Publication Ltd. London,pp.147-148 [28] Rosalyn S Park, The International Drugs Industry: What the Future Holds for South Africa’s HIV/AIDS   Patients, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2002.p.1 [29] Ibid [30] Rosalyn S Park, Minnesota Journal of Global Trade, 2000, p.2 [31] J H Reichman, The TRIPS Agreement Comes of Age: Conflict or Cooperation with the Developing Countries? P.6 [32] F.M. Scherer and Jayashree Watal ‘Post-Trips Options for Access to Patented Medicines in Developing Nations’ Journal of International Economic Law (2002)   p 939